The precipitating alkaline phosphatase substrates are based on either the reduction of tetrazolium salts or the production of colored diazo compounds. Each kit provides approximately 200 ml of working solution, and when stored at 4 ºC, are stable for one year. The four substrates that were developed to produce different colored precipitates can all be permanently mounted in non-aqueous media. Sections stained with the Vector® Red or Vector® Black substrate kits can be cleared with xylene. The Vector® Blue substrate product is soluble in xylene but can be cleared with citrus oil-based clearing agents and then permanently mounted. Three colors can be effectively introduced into a section to localize three antigens in different cells even using the same species of primary antibody, the same biotinylated secondary antibody and the VECTASTAIN® ABC-AP reagent. The BCIP/NBT substrate is frequently used for nitrocellulose or in situ hybridization applications. Although these four substrates are excellent for most applications, they are not recommended for staining neuronal processes, fibers, or terminals. The p-Nitro phenylphosphate substrate is the preferred substrate for enzyme immunoassays.
Multiple Antigen Labeling

Vector Laboratories is a leader in multiple antigen labeling applications because of our wide range of very sensitive and very low background detection reagents, our proprietary enzyme substrates, and our rigorously tested protocols. These detection systems and unique enzyme substrates offer an extensive choice of color combinations for multiple labeling using either:

  • The same enzyme system with different substrates to detect each antigen, or
  • Different enzyme systems and their substrates to detect each antigen.

    The following Enzyme Substrate Combinations Table is designed as a reference for optimal multiple labeling, because the order of the two colored precipitates can significantly affect the quality, color, and labeling pattern of each antigen in the stained section. This chart ensures that distinct colors are visible after the labeling reactions are completed using an optimized multiple labeling protocol.
  •